Eriksons Stages Essay

This experiential learning activity will give you an opportunity to apply basic psychological principles to learn more about your own behavior. The project will be conducted over a 9 week period. By week 3, you will choose a behavior that you would like to change and come up with a behavior change plan. In weeks 4-10, you will work on changing that behavior and record your progress. In weeks 11-13, you will reflect, analyze, and interpret your behavior change and outcomes. A 5 page write-up (double spaced) of this behavior change activity covering the points described below is due the week of presentations at the beginning of the class period. Here are the steps: 1. Select a behavior that you would like to change, one that you’d like to increase or decrease or modify in some way (Examples: eating junk or high-fat foods, chewing gum, smoking, getting angry, studying, exercising, spending money, worrying, etc). 2. Define your specific goal, consider the benefits and barriers, and choose a behavior modification plan. 3. Design a method of tracking your daily progress. This could be a tallying form, a data table, etc. This device should allow you to record the frequency and/or duration of your behavior on a daily basis. (if your behavior is something that is done several times a day, you might want to create a data tracking device that you can carry along with you). 4. Record your behavior, following the procedures you have developed, throughout the semester. Write a 5 page report that includes the following points and be sure to include theories and concepts we covered during class in addition to these sections. **Use at least 2 journal articles related to your topic and give a brief description of the articles in the introduction** Goal-Setting and Monitoring †¢ What behavior did you try to change? What was your precise goal? (for example, to increase/decrease the frequency and or duration) †¢ What were the benefits that you perceived to changing your behavior? In other words, why did you want to change your behavior? †¢ How did you keep track of (record) your daily progress? Very briefly describe the type of tallying sheet (or recording device) that you used. Motivation †¢ Where do you think your goal would fall on Maslow’s hierarchy of motives and why? What types of counter-motives made it difficult for you to accomplish your goal (example; hunger, pleasure, etc.) Where would these counter-motives fall on Maslow’s hierarchy? †¢ Did you feel more intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to change this behavior and why? †¢ Did your goal involve the behavioral activation system (BAS) or the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and why? Was your goal more approach- or avoidance-oriented and why? †¢ Do you think that your motives contributed to your outcome? How and why? Learning †¢ How did you go about trying to change your behavior? Did you use any of the behavior learning strategies that we discussed in class such as classical or operant conditioning? †¢ How did you use these strategies? Did they work or not? Emotions, Barriers, and Social Support †¢ What types of emotions did you feel when trying to change your behavior? How did you feel along the way and how were these emotions related to the amount of effort you invested in trying to change your behavior? †¢ What were some of the barriers that you encountered while trying the change the behavior? Did you expect these barriers when you started or did they surprise you along the way? What did you do to overcome these barriers? †¢ Did you enlist the help of family and friends in trying to change your behavior? Was this helpful or harmful? Conclusion †¢ Did you reach your goal or not? How do you feel about the outcome? What could you do differently in the future to be even more successful at changing your behavior? Outline of written report †¢Introduction †¢Description of topic †¢Explanation of why this is an important area of study †¢Reason for picking this area to write about †¢Literature review †¢Description of theory †¢Previous research on topic (Use at least 2 journal articles related to your topic and give a brief description of the articles) †¢Citations of all work mentioned in the paper †¢Statement of hypothesis †¢Methods section †¢Description of process in reaching your goal (recording behavior, keeping track, etc) †¢Description of materials used (tally sheet? recording device?) †¢Results †¢Conclusions †¢Goal-setting & Monitoring †¢Motivation †¢Learning †¢Emotions, barriers, and social support †¢Conclusion paragraph (see assignment sheet) †¢Applications (how will these results be useful to individuals and society as a whole?) †¢References †¢APA style †¢Citations in the body of paper should appear in the reference section

Letter To The Manager Essay

Greetings! I am so pleased and overwhelmed that I was given this particular opportunity to present you with a proposal that I think is highly beneficial not only to the progress of the students that are to enter the institution but would also impact the reputation and competency of the school in catering to the needs of its students. Every child or student in this case, who is under a development period needs a careful attention with regards their physical growth as well. Besides that, it could also be noted that athletics department intend to offer programs that are likely to have an impact on the development of the children or the students towards a more active physical and mental performance. I am really hoping that somehow, you would spare sometime in considering examining the presentation that I have prepared herein, thus be able to consider the development of and the application of the suggestions presented in the actual institutional operations. Again, thank you so much for sparing some of your time. LIST OF TABLES: Proposed Pattern of funding the department   and Paying for the Service of the personnel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Personnel Roles and Responsibilities  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proposal Page 1 ADDING AN ATHLETIC DEPARTMENT IN A NEW EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Introduction It is undeniable that sports facilities are always treated as primary sections in any educational institutions today. This is primary because of the need of assisting students in developing their physical stamina as a part of their growth towards maturity. Studies even prove that it is not only the physical strength that is being developed through this procedure. Moreover, it could be noted that psychologists have found out that the ability of a child to think is actually empowered when their physical bodies are exercised well as part of stress relief from the mind towards the body that eases their minds to think better. Too much lecture and no exercise can actually make the brain less productive. This is the reason why educational institutions are investing well for the development of athletic departments that are expected to help their students become better academic performers. Also , with having an athletic department as part of their school, it has been made aware that this has increased competency in handling the educational needs of their students. This is the reason why I think that the establishment of an athletic department would best support the needs and the goals of this school in both the mental and the physical abilities of the students that the school is preparing themselves to cater to. Further discussion of the matter and how it particularly applies to the system of education that the institution prefers to offer shall be presented within the paragraphs that follow. Significance of the Proposal As noted earlier, physical development is a vital part of one’s growth. In establishing an athletic department within a school, it is aimed that the students receive the best service that they ought to have from all the programs offered from the educational organization. With the improvement on the process by which the students are able to relax, and learn their lessons well, the school can then gather a good reputation from their parents and staff, which would likely be passed on through word of mouth. The institution would likely have a higher number of parents trusting them for the education of their children. It is very important that the physical health of the students is given high level of attention as well as their academic achievements are given well training through the process. Through the major application of the program that the department of athletics would imply within the annual academic schedule of the institution, it is expected that the treatment of the matter would be balanced by giving more of a benefit to the development of the students of whom the organization caters to.   Proposal Page 2 How the Department is to be Established Like any other departments in educational intuitions, an athletic department needs to have a lead officer that would be in charge of setting annual schedules for the group as well as for the entire academic department. Aside from the head officers, it is important to have assistants, who are likely to assist in the process of pursuing athletic lessons, as well as athletic events that are usually handled annually as recreational break for the students of the school every now and then. But who are actually qualified to take responsibility for the said positions? Proposed Pattern of funding the department and Paying for the Service of the personnel ACTIVITIES PERSONNEL ASSIGNED TIME-LENGTH APPLICATION PAYMENT SYSTEM PAYMENT RATE Lecture and school activities Teacher or instructor for the subject (Preferably bachelors-masters degree of educational attainment) Whole year (scheduled lessons etc) Every 15th of the Month As per decided by the school administration and board of trustees Forming of Athletic Clubs for Aspiring Students Teacher/Officials (same educational attainment as above) Whole School Year [depending on the required training schedules for the selected athletes] Every 15th of the Month As per decided by the school administration and board of trustees Offering Scholarship Program for aspiring student-athletes Administrational Officials (Masters Degree of Education) Whole Year then Renewal of Terms Every 15th of the Month As per decided by the school administration and board of trustees Note: employees are to be compensated every 15th of the month for this department as the said individuals are not required to attend school everyday. There are certain schedules when they are needed thus making their job easier than that of the other employees of the institution. The rate are then decided upon by the administration depending on the hours that they spend within the premises of the school and participate on the operations of the institution. Proposal Page 3 Who are to Work within the Department Undoubtedly, an athletic department is expected to be divided into different measures of separation that would likely focus on the different aims of the department. These different sections are actually expected to handle the separation of the lecture and lesson sections of the department with that of the special events section that are used to access the athletic aims of the department. Particularly, it is understandable that the matter requires professionals who are masters of physical education instruction for the highest positions and other positions such as assistants of the program could actually be taken by other fresh graduates from college who are screened and considered competent enough to handle the responsibilities that are intended for the said job positions. Personnel Roles and Responsibilities POSITION Job Description Impact of the position within the Department and the Institution’s Success Teacher/instructor These personnel are expected to handle lecture and student regular activities offered through the institution’s curriculum. This increases the competency of the organization in handling physical health instructional responsibilities of the administration towards the community it serves. Coach Handles athletic events and motivation to the chosen athletes of the institution for competition purposes This increases the chances of the institution in making a name in the field of scholastic athletics in the community. Scholarship Assessor Examines whether who among the students are worthy to receive scholarship grants from the administration. Makes the institution more of a pillar of education that gives chances to worthy students through honing the talents and skills that they posses with regards sporting events and competitions. Administrational Head Handles the major scheduling issues of the department and gives careful arrangement for the completion of the department’s responsibilities Makes the department much organized and the institution better informed of the activities of the department. Assistantship Positions Supports the other officials of the department Makes the task much easier to complete    Proposal Page 4 Conclusion From the proposal presented, it is highly suggested that the department be carefully planned as to who shall be appointed for its important positions as it would particularly detect the competency of the entire group. Thus through this process, the surety of the department’s success is likely to be expected. Undeniably though, the cooperation of the entire institution’s body of administration is highly needed for the success of the said department. Consequently, with support from everyone in the organization, an Athletic Department could not only bring fine assistance and physical training for the students but also bring the institution a fine reputation of high excellence within the society that they are serving as a primary school. Works Cited: Richard J Dippel. (2002). An investigation of athletic department handbooks – Richfield Senior High School Athletic Department. B0006R7USW. Jennifer Foley. (2000). Design and implementation of an athletic department handbook for the Red Lake Falls school district. B0006S5LMS. Wayne Mazzoni. (1998). The Athletic Recruiting & Scholarship Guide. Mazz Marketing Inc; 1 edition.

Construction and business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Construction and business law - Essay Example Rather it can be said that the informal sources of law does not have a strong legal validity. In case of a conflict between the common law and the formal source of law always the formal source of law gains primacy. Courts which hear civil issues like issues related to debt, contract related matters and also property related issues. It also includes succession, real estate and custody related issues. The structure of the civil courts is as follows in the base lies the sheriff court, above it the Court of Session and above everything is the House of Lords. The Criminal Courts are those which deal with the criminal cases like rape, murder, theft, forgery and adultery. The structure of the Criminal Court is different from that of the Civil Court in the sense that at the base lays the District Court, then the Sheriff Court and above all the High Court of Judiciary. A real obligation always creates a debt and in the process becomes a principal obligation. In the English law there are two types of real obligation, they are namely land and rent. On the other hand the payment which is due against the land becomes a personal obligation. On the other hand it can be said that personal obligation and the real obligation are related to each other. One produces the other. For instance if land is the real obligation then in that case the fruits and flowers produced from that piece of land becomes the personal obligation. (Langdell, 2009, p. 199). The Inner House of the Court of Session is actually the appeal court. This court is divided into the First and the Second Divisions and each of the divisions have been given equal authority. The Divisions are presided by the Lord President and the Lord Justice Clerk respectively. The Inner House hears cases from the Outer House and some other Sheriff Court and Tribunals. The Outer House on the other hand hears cases at the first instance. They generally hear commercial cases, case related to contract and also judicial review. The judges of the Outer House also hear on the Intellectual Property Rights. Thus it can be said that the Inner House of Courts has more compared to the Outer House of Courts. (Court of Session - Introduction, n.d). The European Court of Justice is the highest Court of law in the European Law and it deals with all the laws of the European Union. This Court refers to the law of the community and it deals with all kinds of cases. The European Court of Human Rights on the other hand is the highest International Court. It deals with case related to the violation of the European Convention of Human Rights. Individuals can directly apply to the European Court of Human Rights. The main aim of the Court is to protect the human rights of the individuals or the states. Thus it can be said that the major difference between the two is that the European Court of Justice deal with all kinds of law and the European Court of Human Rights only deals with human rights related issues. Question 2: A courier company promises a 24 hour delivery service.' Its customer,a web-based travel agency, orders the couriers to deliver an essential computer component from the suppliers to their premises. En route, the couriers lose the package and end up taking 72 hours to deliver a replacement. The travel agency wishes to sue the courier company for the losses it has incurred as a result of the delay in delivery of the vital component.

My educational goals and career plans Research Paper

My educational goals and career plans - Research Paper Example Likewise, it is my work as an assistant cook at the Especially 4 U Restaurant which tops my impressive list of community service and work experience.   Very simply put - I love to cook. Every dish I cook is an expression of my creativity and my caring, and there is no greater satisfaction than that of watching people relish my food. My dream is to become a top chef. I believe that the best path towards achieving this goal is to earn top notch educational credentials in food and nutrition, and simultaneously gain as much hands-on, practical knowledge as possible. I then hope to travel round the globe, work under the master chefs of various countries, and go on to become a cordon bleu chef. My ultimate goal is to open my own restaurant, exhibiting my individualistic, distinctive style of cooking: a style rooted in the warmth and love of home-cooked food. I am confident that my strengths, which include the determination to excel in whatever I do, my committed work ethic, my extroversion and love of social interaction, and, above all, my passion for cooking will help me to achieve my goal. As a person who is dedicated to community service, I also hope to harness my future education and career to provide succor to the lesser privileged and contribute to the food needs of those in

Historical accuracies and inaccuracies of the William Wallace From the Essay

Historical accuracies and inaccuracies of the William Wallace From the movie Braveheart - Essay Example The movie portrays the life of William Wallace. The film premiered in July 1995 and became a spontaneous Box office success. As a film, the developers of the film employed specific film production techniques in order to earn it the reception it acquired soon after its release (Brown, 2007). The film portrayed the Scottish warrior in different perspectives often omitting some fundamental features of his life in an attempt of earning the film an appropriate adaptation. As a brave Scottish warrior, William Wallace led the scots against their first war of independence against the oppressive King Edward the first. The producers set the film in an early Scottish society, it is 1920 and King Edward the first invades Scotland soon after the death of Alexandra the third of Scotland. In the invasion, Wallace witnesses the Longshanks commit atrocities in the inversion. He survives the murder to his mother father and brothers and therefore travels to Rome with the help of his uncle Argyle. After several years, Wallace returns to Scotland as a young man and immediately falls in love with his childhood friend, Murron MacClannough. However, the society is different following the application of King Edward’s selfish legislations (McArthur, 2003). Among the most controversial of the legislations is that granting the English Lord the authority to have sexual relations with all the women in the kingdom on the eve of their wedding night. In oorder to avoid the king sleeping with his fiancee, Wallace and Murron marry in secrecy. Later, Wallace rescues Murron from eminent rape by English soldiers. The soldiers arrest and execute Murron in public. In a revenge attack, Wallace attacks and kills English soldiers. The following is a series of conflicts between Wallace and the English authorities as Edward orders his son Edward the second to use every means possible to stop Wallace. Even in death, Wallace maintains a bold personality and refuses to beg for mercy from the English a uthorities. While facing a public execution, the magistrate pleads with Wallace to beg for mercy from the government and therefore have a quick and painless life. Instead of begging for his life, Wallace shouts freedom to the jubilation of the Scottish people who view him as a hero. As the film ends, a setting in the 1934 Scotland, Robert who is now the king of Scotland leads his army into a fight against the English in the memory of Wallace. The war finds the English unprepared and the scots earn their first freedom from the English rule. The developers of the film employ various film production features including both the setting and the plot in order to earn the story relevance from its contemporary audience. In doing this, the developers either omitted or added specific details to both the characters and the actions. In doing so, the producers foster some accuracies and inaccuracies about Wallace’s life and the society in which he lived. Key among the lacking details in t he film is his background. The producers of the film provide a brief recap of his childhood. The film begins with the English inversion of Scotland with the young Wallace witnessing the murder of his parents and the atrocities the English lord commits. Such are scanty details that do not help build an effective understanding of the legendary Sir William Wallace. However, the scanty details are in line with the information known about his family, Wallace came from a less noble family. Historians do not provide a detailed information about his family. Blind Harry in his poem posits that Wallace’s father was known as Sir Malcom of Elderslie. The discovery of a letter written by Wallace himself and contained his seal provides Wallace’

The Importance of a Fire Department Safety Officer Research Paper

The Importance of a Fire Department Safety Officer - Research Paper Example OSHA guidelines were set up in order to lessen the risk of firefighter work-related injuries. Fire department safety officers refer to these guidelines for training and comply with them in order to keep their employees safe during and after emergency situations ("Fire service", n.d.).   Firefighters can be either on-call, voluntary or full-time firefighters. Voluntary firefighters are not eligible for pay or any workers’ compensation. In contrast, on call and full-time firefighters are eligible for workers’ compensation. Workers’ compensation is a law that allows employees to file for benefits when they incur work-related illnesses or injuries. These benefits can be medical in nature, including rehabilitation programs or replacement wages. Some employers require full-time employees to enroll in workers’ compensation benefits as part of their cafeteria plans. This ensures that in an emergency situation that may result in the injury or death of the employee, the latter will still get compensated. In order to avail of workers’ compensation benefits, an employee needs to file a claim ("Firefighters", n.d.). The claim has to coincide with the OSHA record logs that the employee did sustain an injury while working on the job or as a resul t of the working environment, like in the case of firefighters who are exposed to hazardous wastes and chemicals. Safety officers are responsible for keeping these injury logs so that when an employee files for a claim, they can present the needed documentation to support the claim. ("OSHA recordkeeping", n.d.)   When filing workers’ compensation though, volunteer firefighters do not get the same benefits since they are not deemed as employees. Even though they sustain the same injuries as full-time firefighters, when they get injured or get ill, their claims will be denied.     

Supply Chain in Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Supply Chain in Netflix - Essay Example Here, the idea came of starting a similar business and bring more diversity and customer friendly policies (New Word City, 2010). The organization’s website was launched in April 1998. The new online version came with a more traditional pay-per-rental model. Customers were charged $4 dollars as rental fee and $2 as postage fee. At the end of 1999, Netflix introduced a monthly subscription concept. The single rental model was dropped in early 2000. Since then, the company has established a reputation on the flat-fee unlimited rentals business model. The model does not have late fees, due dates, per title rental fees or handling fees. The company maintained its extensive, personalized video recommendation system based on reviews and ratings by its customers. Netflix has played a vital role in enhancement of independent film distribution. The organization announced its billionth delivery at the beginning of 2007. By 2009, Netflix was offering more than 100,000 collections on DVD. During this time, the company had more than 10 million subscribers. In 2011, Netflix announced that it had reached more than 23 million subscribers in United States and 26 million all over the world. Revenues had gone in excess of $1.5 billion (Laseter and Elliot, 2012). The video entertainment industry is very competitive. Competition is increasing as new realizations are being established. Numerous companies are joining the industry based on the returns involved. The markets involved include hotels, airlines and theater video entertainment. The market is segmented into several strategic groups. This include sales, brick and mortar rentals, online rentals, DVD vending kiosks, video on demand services and mail-delivery services. Technological advancement is bringing various changes in the industry. The rental portion available from physical rentals is transforming to digital rentals (Sehgal, 2011). This is being provided via streaming channels that are connected through game consol es, set-top boxes and computers. All these applications work to bring the steaming aspect on consumers’ televisions. As a result, viewing is made easier, interactive and enhances availability at all times. Consumers have been divided into two segments. These include convenience consumers and needy consumers. Convenience consumers are young, watch videos when they can and use technology to access various titles. One the other hand, needy consumers are older and less prone to using new technologies. Needy consumers are subject to watching specific programming. Traditional home video entertainment is reaching stasis. For this reason, companies involved in the industry should concentrate on the streaming aspect. This will help in immersing substantial profits, in this competitive industry (Minis, 2011). Netflix is facing stiff competition from other players in the industry. New entrants are coming with new ideologies that are taking the industry with a storm. They are building on the loopholes that exist in at Netflix. The company needs to review its business models so as to operate profitably for as long as possible. Supply Chain Description Netflix has a varied supply chain. This is based on the nature of operations being conducted. Various ways have been diversified to help reach the consumers. Among the supply chain used by the company, is the internet and postal system. The company has instituted online DVD rentals. Members only need to chose their desired collections

Coca cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Coca cola - Essay Example One such brand that can be sold to people in having health benefits are product lines from the well-known Coca Cola Company, which boasts of more than 3,500 and continuously increasing number of products, and gains further brand strength due to its strong involvement with consumers through various media collaborations, well-established corporate social responsibilities, and continued expansion to many markets around the globe (The Coca-Cola Company, 2013). Coca-Cola’s placement in the security level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs comes as the result of combining a strong brand image along with health benefits apart from satisfying customers’ physiological needs such as food and water, which in turn gives it an edge over other food and beverage brands which may only advertise or give an impression of fulfilling basic physiological needs. While Coca-Cola may well be one of the well-established or the most-trusted brand targeting the customer demographic, various re asons for motivational conflicts or cognitive dissonance can arise among its customers. One of the biggest possible conflicts could happen to health-conscious consumers, who are fully-informed of the high-sugar content of most of the flagship carbonated drinks of the brand, as well as the use of artificial or alternative sweeteners originally-aimed at them. In addition, the issue of obesity among the said target demographic and even among consumers outside this group of people can also be affected in purchasing the product due to health reasons (e.g. physician instructions to reduce carbohydrate and sugar intake). These customers may become dissuaded to keep buying the product or reduce their consumption due to health reasons, despite being satisfied with their previous purchases, creating a conflict between their beliefs and what the product represents (Akers, 2013). Thus, while the brand may keep most of its loyal customers, other potential and past customers may not be easily sha ken to keep on buying or consuming the product as they once did before encountering motivational conflicts in its purchase. In order for the brand to keep afloat, it must be able to provide something for customers who become dissuaded as a result of conflicts between the product’s content and their rationalized choices (Akers, 2013). This can either be done through marketing of health-conscious choices in drinks, or alternatively creating a product line showing an image of health and wellness. One thing that marketers can do is to present all of its products to consumers through advertisements using images of health and wellness, although at present such strategies may not be effective in the long-run due to the rise in meticulous and thoughtful consumers. Another stronger option to increase sales and consumer involvement with the product is to create a product line that targets the health-conscious consumer demographic. Marketable products may include carbonated drinks but i nstead of using alternative sweeteners, the product has lesser sugar content than the original product. Another example of a product for the health-conscious consumer is a wide selection of natural fruit juices, which also has less sugar added in comparison to other competitor products. By adding alternatives to pre-existing choices health-conscious consumers have more options in buying their beverages within the Coca-Cola product line associated with lesser motivational conf

Paper Towel Experiement Essay Example for Free

Paper Towel Experiement Essay My wife and I go through an enormous amount of paper products. We discuss often which brand works best for the price. Typically, we buy the brand Bounty for our paper towel selection. There is no particular reason why we buy this brand but it seems to be the one we get home with. After reviewing some other literature in regards to the paper towel experiment, I found some different results. According to Consumer Reports (2009), Brawny was the most absorbent of all of the 21 brands that they tested. They found that Brawny held 2  ½ ounces more per square foot on average than the other brands tested. However another consumer, Chelle from Yahoo’s Contributor Network, found that Bounty was the most absorbent paper towel. She tested Scott, Brawny, and Bounty. (2010) Twelve year old Samantha also performed an experiment on paper towels testing four brands: Bounty, Sparkle, Scott, and Western Family. Her hypothesis was that Bounty would be the most absorbent but after her experiment reported that Sparkle absorbing 50 ml of water on average. (2001) Mrs. McKee’s class from Arizona also did a paper towel experiment. They tested their school’s paper towel, Brawny, Bounty, Viva, Scott, and a generic brand. The results from their experiment showed that on average Viva was found to be the most absorbent. (2012) After looking at other research and preforming my literature review, I decided to test four paper towels: Bounty, Brawny, Viva, and Kroger Brand. I decided that I would use 200 ml of water and place each brand of the folded paper towel in the water five different times. I plan to squeeze the water into a beaker and measure how much water was absorbed. I would then take the average to find out which brand of paper towels was more abso rbent. Problem: What paper towel is the most absorbent and leads to the most cost effective? Materials: 1 Glass container labeled with ml to 750 ml 1 small beaker labeled with ml to 150 ml 1 stop watch 1 baby bottle (I only had one glass container with ml labeled) labeled with ml to 260 ml Paper Towels: Bounty, Brawny, Viva, and Kroger Generic Brand (4 brands X 5 sheets) Water 1 Funnel Pen and Paper Prices on the paper towels were how much I paid per roll, but with further investigation I found that the price per square foot was different. Independent Variables: Brand of Paper Towel, price per square foot Dependent Variable: Amount of Water Absorbed, Vivi sheets were much smaller than the other sheets and two sheets were used and cut to the same size as the other sheets – price is still based on per square foot for each paper towel Constants: Amount of water used in each trial, paper towel size, time exposed to the water, type of fluid (water used) I will make sure to use the timer to submerge the paper towels for the same amount of time. I will use the same measuring instruments for each experiment. Hypothesis: Because Bounty’s roll of paper towel cost the most, Bounty will absorb the most milliliters of water per square foot. I came up with this hypothesis because I wanted to show my wife how we could save money by continuing to buy the name brand paper towel. Data Collection Process: Each paper towel was folded four times to create a small square. Each paper towel was emerged into 200 ml of water and left for 20 seconds. Each paper towel was removed from the water allowing drip time of 5 seconds and then the remainder of the water was squeezed to a beaker. The left over water was poured into a baby bottle for measurement in milliliters. At first I was going to use the amount of water that I could squeeze out of the paper towel, but then I realized that some was still left over in the paper towel. To reduce the threats to internal validity, I then decided to subtract the amount of water left over from 200 ml to get an accurate reading of how much water was actually absorbed. Conclusion: Results from my experiment indicate that per square foot, Viva paper towels are the most absorbent. In addition, since Viva’s price per square foot was 4 cents, it would also be the most cost effective. Viva paper towels absorbed on average 8 more milliliters than Bounty and Brawny and 13.4 milliliters more than the generic Kroger brand. At first glance, Bounty looked like the most expensive paper towel with Viva 2nd. However, when you look at price per square foot, the price of Viva and Bounty are the same. Brawny is actually the most expensive per square foot. With this being said, my experiment refuted my hypothesis that Bounty was the most absorbent because it cost the most. Bounty was not the most cost effective because it did not absorb the most and the price per square foot was the same as Viva. Price per square foot indicated that Brawny was in fact the most expensive and it still was not the most absorbent. It is imperative when doing an experiment that the experiment is done with several trials and that the procedure are completed in the same manner. This adds to the validity and reliability of the experiment. To replicate this experiment, you must have the above materials. Choose at least 4 paper towel brands. Fold each paper towel (five trials per towel) four times. Submerge each paper towel individually into 200 milliliters of water for 20 seconds. Remove the paper towel, allowing it to drip for 5 seconds.  Measure how much water is remaining and subtract that number from 200 to see how much water the paper towel absorbed. Record this and continue the step for each of the remaining paper towels. It is recommended to do at least 5 trials per brand of paper towel. When others perform the same experiment, it validates the results from my experiment. References Chelle. (2010)Which Brand of Paper Towels is the Most Absorbent? Retrieved on October 27, 2012 from http://voices.yahoo.com/which-brand-paper-towels-most-absorbent-5714586.html?

In a World of Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

In a World of Stereotypes Essay What is a stereotype? Stereotypes are characteristics ascribed to groups of people involving gender, race, national origin and other factors. (Nadra Kareem Nittle. Para 1). Most of these characteristics are over exaggerated opinions of the groups. The next few paragraphs in this paper will identify three examples of a stereotype one may encounter in their everyday lives, an argument that may support the stereotype, and any mistakes that may be found in the argument. One stereotype that is very common but a lot of people may not consider a stereotype is age in the work place. This may sound a little ridiculous but there are â€Å"persistent negative perceptions pertaining to older workers† ( Ostroff Atwater, 2003, p. 729; see also Posthuma Campion, 2009). An employer might think that a younger worker would have more energy or stamina, less health issues, and more of an open mind when learning new technologies. An older person might be considered stuck in their ways rather than a fresh young employee right out of college. Nonetheless an older person in age might have more experience that would require a higher paycheck, as where a younger person may take less money in order to gain the experience. Although some of these arguments may make sense to the average person reading this, the same feelings can go for someone in the younger age groups. â€Å"Young adults might also feel stereotype threat in the workplace, as younger workers are often perceived to be less reliable, less committed to the organization, and less socially skilled† (Nadra Kareem Nittle. Para 31). Moral of the story is that there are good points and there are bad points for any worker no matter what there age. These are all assumptions of an age group instead of the true characteristics of the person themselves. An employer may not higher a sixty year old man who has a better work ethic than a twenty five year old man and he will never know because he judged the older man based on a stereotype and vise versa. As a result to stereotyping he will continue to go through employees during his entire career. Here the employer commits the fallcy called a Hasty Generalization as well. Drawing broad and very general conclusions based on insufficient evidence can therefore lead to harmful results, not only for the victim of the stereotype but also for the person doing the stereotyping. † (Mosser 2011, para 33). The next common stereotype is called a racial stereotype. In 1933 Katz and Braly did questionnaire method research using American students on racial stereotypes. The results are quoted as follows: â€Å"There was considerable agreement in the traits selected. White Americans, for example, were seen as industrious, progressive and ambitious. African Americans were seen as lazy, ignorant and musical. Participants were quite ready to rate ethnic groups with whom they had no personal contact. † (McLeod para 15). Although this kind of behavior could be very well just plain human nature t stereotype a group of people based on their race, the face just aren’t there. Look at President Obama for example; he is by far not a lazy man just because he is a black man. A lazy man would not have the ability to run a country. Yet he is black, so he must be pretty lazy. Fallacy? The last stereotype to address in this paper is sports stereotypes. Some may say that only men play sports like football, wrestling, or hockey and women only play volleyball, tennis, and badminton due to how much physical contact women should have verses men. (Million Views para 1). One would say these stereotypes do not seem to far fetched because football is a very rough sport and most men are bigger and stronger than a woman so if she were to join the football team she may very well get hurt. But why cant men play tennis? Does this make him girly? Or not a man? Some would say yes because the sport is less aggressive and a man needs to act in rough sports if they want to be considered a man. There are women wrestlers today and plenty of men play tennis without losing their so-called manhood. These things we all do everyday, sometimes without even realizing it. We are all categorized in some sort of stereotype more than we would like to admit. But the bottom line is that we all bleed red, we all breathe the same air, and we all have to die one day. We are human. Instead of being separated into generalized groups based on or age, religion, race, etc. we all should be as one in the same group of humans. Because weather we like it or not, we are human.

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview Phenobarbitone is an antiepileptic drug which is used to treat epilepsy. Absorbance values at different concentration of phenobarbitone can be used to plot a calibration graph which in turns can be used to find the concentration of phenobarbitone in organic phase at different pH by using the gradient of the graph. From there, the concentration of phenobarbitone in aqueous phase can be determined and hence can find the partition coefficient (P). Ptrue of phenobarbitone can be determined with the presence of the value of Papp and fu of phenobarbitone (acid). % ionization of phenobarbitone at different pH can also be calculated by knowing its pKa and this in turns can be used to determine the lipophilicity of phenobarbitone. % extraction of phenobarbitone will also determine how well does phenobarbitone passes through the organic phase (biological membrane in the body) at different pH. Phenobarbitone is a barbiturate used in the treatment of epilepsy. It helps to reduce seizure frequency and severity and may even stop seizures altogether. [1] Phenobarbital works by acting on GABA receptors that in turn increase synaptic inhibition. This then increases the seizure threshold, hence reducing the number of seizures occurring. [2)] Phenobarbitone is the longest acting barbiturate. It is an acidic crystalline structure which has pka value 7.4, hence it is significantly ionised at ph values over 6. Lowering the pH of the solution reduces ionisation. [4] According to Phenobarbitone structure, it has 2 hydrogen bond donors and 3 hydrogen bond receptors and the solubility of Phenobarbitone in water is 1g in 1000mL (0.1% w/v). It has low lipid solubility compared with other barbiturate. Thus it has slow onset action and longer half life. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of ionisation of phenobarbitone by measuring the amount that was extracted into n-octanol from the aqueous phases of different pH values. The results collected were then used to find the concentration of the drug at equilibrium and since the pKa of the drug and the pH of the solution are known, the true partition co-efficient for phenobarbtione can be calculated. [3] Partition coefficient (P) is the ratio of concentration of drug in n-octanol phase divided by concentration of drug in aqueous phase. A high partition co-efficient implies that the drug is highly lipophilic. [5] The method used in this experiment is the shake-flask method (the most accurate measurement method). The drug, in this case phenobarbitone, is allowed to equilibrate between the NaOH solution and the n-octanol and then the concentration in both layers are been determined. [5] Since the total amount of barbiturate present in the 0.5M NaOH (which is extracted from the octanol) is known, and the UV analysis gives the amount of phenobarbitone in the octanol layer at equilibrium, we can calculate the weight left in the aqueous phase and hence the concentration of drug in each phase at equilibrium. pKa is important to determine the true partition coefficient for the barbiturate. The disadvantage for shake-flask is that it is only apply to the unionised drug which most drugs are acids or bases and are ionised in biological systems. Experimental 0.02% w/v phenobarbitone in water was been provided as the stock solution. Using the stock solution, 50Â µg mL-1 solution in 0.5M NaOH [Solution A] and a 50Â µg mL-1 solution in water [Solution B] were been prepared. (a) Calibration Standards A range of calibration standards each containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Â µg mL-1 of the phenobarbitone in 0.5M NaOH were prepared using Solution A. The wavelength of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) at about 254nm was then determined using the 30 Â µg mL-1 standard. The absorbance of each standard at the ÃŽ »max was read using 0.5M NaOH as the blank. A calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration for the phenobarbiturate was then constructed using the absorbance readings obtained. (b) Partitioning Samples Six partitioning funnels were filled as the following: i) 10mL Solution B, 10mL 0.1M HCl, and 20mL n-octanol ii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 6.6 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol iii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol iv) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.4 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol v) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 8.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol vi) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 9.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol The funnels were shaken at frequent intervals for 30 minutes to allow the layers to separate fully. The organic layer was then been carefully ran off into a second separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M NaOH was then added to the octanol and shaken for 5 minutes, allowing the layers to separate. The absorbance of the aqueous (bottom) layer was then measured by using the ÃŽ »max determined previously in (a). The concentration of the phenobarbitone in the 0.5M NaOH was calculated using the calibration curve. Discussion In partition chromatography, molecules move from one phase to another via passive diffusion, i.e. the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration area without any facilitating factor. However, charged molecules are unable to move down the concentration gradient via this route. Partition chromatography of phenobarbitone mimics the movement of phenobarbitone across the biological membrane, i.e. the movement of phenobarbitone from aqueous phase, 50Â µg mL-1 phenobarbitone in water, to organic phase, octanol. Its chemical structure shows that there is a long hydrocarbon chain attached to the ring structure which contributes to its lipophilicity. The more lipophilic the drug, the more efficiently it is absorbed into the organic phase. Glass separating funnels were used to avoid absorption of lipophilic drug into the container. 30 minutes after the layers are left to separate fully, the aqueous layer is carefully ran off, leaving the organic layer in the separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, NaOH is then added to the organic layer to separate the mixture into two immiscible layers again. This is possible because phenobarbitone is a weak acid, it reacts with the newly added base, NaOH to form aqueous phase. The concentration of phenobarbitone in the aqueous phase is then determined using a UV spectrophotometer. From Table 1.6, at pH 1.1, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase is highest, 4.392 X 10-4 g; whereas at pH 9.0, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase marked its lowest at 2.800 X 10-4 g. This proves that the drug is most lipophilic at low pH as it is a weak acid and is unionised at low pH, therefore more able to cross into the octanol layer. Meanwhile, at pH 9.0, most of the drug is retained in the aqueous phase in its ionised form and hence unable to cross into the octanol phase as it cannot be passively diffused. As shown in Table 1.7 and Graph 2.0, the higher the pH, more of the drug present is ionised and vice versa. Starting from pH 1.1, the percentage of phenobarbitone ionised in the aqueous phase increased slowly up to pH 6.6, followed by a steep increase from pH 6.6 to pH 8.0, and further increase less steeply from pH 8.0 to pH 9.0. As for Graph 2.0, a slow decrease is observed from pH 1.1 to pH 7.0, a steep decrease from pH 7.0 to pH 7.4, followed by a gradual decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 9.0. Partition coefficient, P is the ratio of a drugs concentration in the octanol phase to its concentration in the aqueous phase at equilibrium with each other. A high P value hence denotes a high drug concentration in organic phase. From the results, a high P obtained at low pH proves that phenobarbitone is a highly lipophilic drug, capable of crossing lipophilic membranes in the body. From the results section, Ptrue value at pH 1.1 is 7.74, whereas the literature value is 1.4. The comparison is made at pH 1.1 because phenobarbitone is present in its unionised form at low pH. However, the Ptrue value is much higher than the literature value. This could be due to errors that occurred during the experiment, e.g. parallax error while pipetting the stock solution, and accidentally ran off some of the organic phase while running off the aqueous phase, causing undetermined potential weight loss of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. It could also be due to insufficient time allowed for phenobarbitone to diffuse from the aqueous phase into the organic phase. Studies revealed that the peak plasma concentration is reached 0.5 to 4 hours following an oral administration; partition chromatography mimics the diffusion of drug across biological membrane, therefore requires at least 30 minutes to reach peak plasma concentration of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. However, in the experiment, the partition was stopped at 30 minutes, not allowing more time for the mixture to separate fully. As octanol was added into the separating funnels at different times, they could not be stopped at the same time. The aqueous (bottom) layers were then run off starting from the funnel where octanol was added the earliest to the latest. The time taken to run off the aqueous phase varies as the volume of aqueous phase varies from funnel to funnel, which may have resulted in different times for each funnel to separate and hence more complete separation in the later mixtures. The lipophilicity of phenobarbitone contributes to its absorption into the octanol phase. Likewise, it is readily absorbed across biological membranes in the body, e.g. stomach wall, cell membrane and blood-brain barrier. Phenobarbitone is administered orally; it is rapidly and fully bioavailable after oral administration as phenobarbitone is unionised in acidic environment. At pH 1.1, 87.84% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the organic phase. This signifies that 87.84% of phenobarbitone is able to cross the stomach wall into the systemic circulation. The absorption is expected to decrease with the increase of pH value down the gastrointestinal tract; the unionised fraction is smaller in the small intestine but has longer intraluminal dwell time and hence increasing absorption. Being lipophilic, phenobarbitone crosses biological membranes readily, more preferably at low pH environment, into the bloodstream and around the body via systemic circulation and then distributed throughout the interstitial fluid. However, about 50% of the drug is bound to plasma protein, therefore neither able to travel across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid nor is it able to be metabolised by the liver. From Table 1.8, at pH 7.4, 70.72% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the octanol layer. Assuming 50% is protein-bound; it can then be assumed that only about 35.36% of phenobarbitone would reach the brain at physiological pH 7.4. Elimination is a mechanism the body utilises to rid drug, xenobiotics and waste products from the body and plasma, mainly by the kidney and the liver. The normal pH of urine ranges from pH 4.5 to pH 7.5. Phenobarbitone being lipophilic and protein-binding has a slow elimination; its lipophilicity prevents it from being filtered by the glomerulus, unless metabolised in the liver into a less lipophilic metabolite. However, 25% of phenobarbitone is still excreted in its unionised form via passive tubular secretion. This route of excretion is exaggerated when urine is alkaline or when the urine volume is increased, i.e. via forced diuresis. Conclusion As phenobarbitone is used in treatment of epilepsy, it needs to possess the characteristics and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier into the motor cortex to exert its depressant effect. From the partition chromatography carried out, it is evident that phenobarbitone is readily absorbed into the body across biological membranes due to phenobarbitones lipophilic nature. It is also widely distributed in the body fluid, including the cerebrospinal fluid where it can act on the motor cortex. As for elimination, approximately 75% of the drug is metabolised by the liver before being excreted, but 25% is excreted as unionised molecules by passive tubular secretion in the kidneys. In conclusion, phenobarbitone has a relatively fast onset of action, hence it is deemed suitable to be administered via the oral route for the treatment of epilepsy.

The Combray Section of Marcel Prousts Swanns Way Essay -- Swanns Wa

The Combray Section of Marcel Proust's Swann's Way      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The "Combray" section of Marcel Proust's Swann's Way is an extended meditation on an idyllic past. The book begins, though, not with recollections of Combray, but with a description of the narrator's half-asleep state, a state of consciousness where he does not know where, or even who, he is. The expanded memories of his past, then, seem an attempt to establish a stable sense of self, a sense that continually eludes him. In this exploration, which constitutes the entirety of the "Combray" section, we find the narrator, a young man with literary aspirations, struggling to understand the characters of his childhood in a way that captures their contradictions, only to find that each person seems more like a spectrum of singular, varying selves than a single delimited identity.    When we encounter the narrator addressing the problems faced by the artist, he notes that "the ingenuity of the first novelist" lay in the realization that a simplification of characters that corresponds to the "suppression" of "'real' people" inevitably makes novels stronger, more effective in conjuring a sympathetic response from a sensitive reader. "A 'real' person," he begins, profoundly as we may sympathize with him, is in a great measure perceptible only through our senses, that is to say, he remains opaque, offers a dead weight which our sensibilities have not the strength to lift. If some misfortune comes to him, it is only in one small section of the complete idea we have of him that we are capable of feeling any emotion; indeed it is only in one small section of the complete idea he has of himself that he is capable of feeling any emotion either. (83) ... ... key to inner life. As everyone is guarded, influenced by the conditions that surround them, the social conditions, it seems that only when alone may they be truthful.    But instead of confirming this, instead of giving us insight into the "core" essence of his characters, the "truth" that all their masks conceal, Proust confounds us by making the confessions imparted in solitude as constructed as any others. In fact, perhaps the only distinguishing factor, is that in solitude, his characters are free to feel and admit guilt, something they would be reluctant to admit in public. But even in private, their lives are organized as a sort of public confession, as they struggle to maintain the illusion of a stable self.    Work Cited Proust, Marcel. Swann's Way. Trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin. NY: Random House, 1981.   

Americans and Individualism Essay -- essays research papers

The United States of America is the land of the free, the land of opportunity, the wealthiest country in the world, a country that half the modern world is modeled after. Its President is referred to as the "Leader of the free world". Thousands of people come to this country every year, learning about the country in hopes of becoming citizens. William Hudson in his book 'American Democracy in Peril ' talks about the seven biggest challenges to this democratic nation. Individualism can be seen as a gift or a curse, depending on the context in which it occurs. Because modern society finds it important that people think independently, decide autonomously and take personal initiatives, the concept of individualism has acquired a positive connotation. However, individualism is also linked with the tendency to withdraw from social life and turn in towards oneself. Alexis de Tocqueville described individualism as the cool and considered attitude which drives people to withdraw into a small, enclosed world consisting of their family and a few select friends, leaving the rest of society to its own devices. The most obvious problem stemming from the process of individualism is of a socio-economic nature and concerns the problem of solidarity. If the link between the community and the individual becomes less strong, to what extent will an individual experience social problems, in which he or she is not immediately implicated, as his or her problems? To what extent are people in an individualistic society prepared to consider the problems of others as their own? This is a crucial question for society since it places the legitimacy of many social institutions and political structures in question. Whoever accepts that individualism is a fact will consider political life to be an incessant clash of interests on the part of people who are only in it for the sake of personal power or an increase in personal fortune. While they may be fine, responsible people in private life, in their attitude to government they are like infants, interested only in themselves and what they consume, howling for more, and not concerned at all about the morality of using government as a middleman to forcibly take what they desire from their fellow-citizens. Whereas those people who reject individualism and accept that the point of an election is to choose representatives whom the vo... ... Congress, with the States, can amend the Constitution. Individualism breeds fragmentation and brings about disconnectivity and this is in complete contradiction with the 'connected' governmental system in the United States where the governmental divisions are always checking each other. On one hand, democracy's project is unrealizable, because it is contrary to nature. On the other, it is impossible to stop short of this democracy and go back to aristocracy. This is because democratic equality also conforms to nature. It follows that we can only moderate democracy; we cannot stop short of democracy, because it fulfils nature. We cannot attain the end of this movement, for it would mean subjecting nature completely and dehumanizing man. Escaping democracy is not an option. We can never possibly make democracy completely "real", and we must not try. We can and must moderate democracy, limit it, sober down its hostility to nature, all the while benefiting from its conformity to nature. To moderate democracy so as it conforms with human nature, to limit it insofar as it is contrary to it, such is the sovereign art on which depend the prosperity and morality of a democracy.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Essay

Bloom believes that there are six cognitive levels that classifies thinking in cognitive levels, with each level being more complex than the previous one. Which means that the human brain has the capacity to do more than acquire and understand factual knowledge. Below are the six cognitive levels. 1. Creating Putting elements together to form a coherent, or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating. planning or producing. 2. Evaluating Making judgments based on a criteria and stands through checking and critiquing. 3. Analyzing Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to one another and to overall structure or purpose threw the differentialine organizing, and attributing. 4. Applying carrying out or using a procedure through implementing, understanding/ constructing manage from oral, written, and graphic message through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. 5. Understanding constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying,classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. 6. Remembering retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long – term memory. I believe that this is the basic process that most people use to remember and learn a new concept. As almost all projects start with an idea which is where you would create your outline/ idea then you would normally evaluate and analyze that outline/ idea. If you feel that steps one – three were going to work you would then apply your idea. Once the idea has been applied it will help you to understand the concept. Which will make remembering it much easier.

Nutrition Essay

1.Select a sweetener. Sucrose 2.Explore the history of the sweetener (when it was developed, its composition). Sucrose, according to our text, is composed of one glucose (the most common sugar molecule) molecule and one fructose (the sweetest natural sugar) molecule. The bond is called glycosidic linkage. Because of this mixture, Sucrose is known to be sweeter than lactose or maltose (the other 2 out of the 3 most common disaccharides, which is a carbohydrate compound consisting of 2 or more molecules joined together). The history of sucrose dates back to thousands and thousands of years ago when the sugar cane was discovered in the South Pacific, rumored specifically to have been found in New Guinea. Its molecular formula is C12H22O11. (taken from Wikipedia) 3.Discuss safety and the sweetener that you have selected. When pure, sucrose has an energy content of 3.94 kilocalories per gram, which helps give someone that instant â€Å"jolt of energy† they are looking for. This becomes unsafe when consumed in large amounts and when looking at it from a health standpoint, should not be used for that jolt. When using Sucrose in moderation, or small doses, it does not pose as may risk factors as it does when over consumed. Also, please note that there really is not any nutritional value in Sucrose itself. Typically, sucrose is spoken of as table sugar. The most common health risk of Sucrose would be linked to tooth decay and other dental issues. Other health issues linked to a diet with an over-abundance of sucrose would be hypoglycemia or diabetes mellitus. 4.Examine the relationship between the sweetener that you have selected and obesity. There is a lot to be said about sugars of any type in your diet. When it comes to Sucrose consumption leading to obesity, it really depends on the type and frequency of the consumption itself. For instance, some drinks containing high levels of sucrose may be linked to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Also, as said above, it can lead to dental problems and possibly diabetes. It has also been assumed that Sucrose can lead to metabolic syndrome. This is a combination of medical disorders that can increase diabetes and cardiovascular diseases when working together. Because this occurs within the insulin-resistant, it does not necessarily mean you are obese if you’re diagnosed, but it does mean that it can increase ones chances of being obese. So when all is said in done, use Sucrose or any sweeteners for that fact, in low-moderation to avoid any health risks that result in the o ver consumption of Sucrose.

3 Fators of Doom for Macbeth Essay

In Macbeth there were a few factors that contributed to the degeneration of the Macbeth character. There were three factors that destroyed Macbeth. The main force that was predominately responsible for the downfall of Macbeth was his single flaw. Which was his own ambition. Even though his ambition brought him to his height of power, it was also what led him to his downfall. During the play Macbeth’s ambition brought him to achieve his goals but as the play evolves, it forced him to face his fate. Macbeth had become so obsessed with becoming King, and remaining powerful, that he became a completely different man. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay His ambition led him to become greedy, violent, power hunger, and a murder. An example of his new character occurred when he killed King Duncan. After the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to keep his reign over the people of Scotland. It was because of these killings and his overbearing ambition that caused him to be overthrown and kill himself. Another force was the prophecies which were told by the witches. If it had not been for the witches telling Macbeth that he was going to be Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glanis, and King of Scotland, he would still be is ordinary self. After the witches shared these prophecies with Macbeth he started thinking of ways he could become king. The other influential factor that destroyed Macbeth was his wife Lady Macbeth. In the play Lady Macbeth was going to kill King Duncan, but she just could not do it. Although she then provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to kill King Duncan. After the first murder, Macbeth seemed to come to the solution that killing was the way. Therefore Lady Macbeth was the one who introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth, which was another reason why Macbeth was destroyed.

Historical biases and how the truth was altered Essay

Taking into account the nature of historical truth, it cannot be viewed from absolutist position, but rather from relativist perspective. The values, dictated by the certain epoch, determine the purpose and the context of history, so there is a number of historical biases (again, from modern viewpoint) in the writings, describing and explaining the past experiences. The paper is designed to focus on the main historical biases and highlight the influence of modern media on the construction of new biases. Due to the fact that there is a plenty of historiographic schools, one can presume that each of them chooses specific symbol or aspect as a baseline and develops its argument through certain prism. In this sense, the book by Edwars Said, ‘Orientalism’, to great extent emphasizes the faultiness of Western historiographic approach to the diametrically opposite culture. The scholar writes: â€Å"The Orient is not only adjacent to Europe; it is also the place of Europe’s greatest and richest and oldest colonies, the source of its civilizations and languages, its cultural contestant, and one of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other† (Said, 1979, pp. 1-2). Orientalism therefore comprises the historically biased attitude towards the cultural ‘otherness’, so the author concludes that eastern studies cannot be completely independent from the polarization and confrontation between the two civilizations. Furthermore, social stratification determined the status of certain individual in society and consequently resulted in the creation of ‘middle class’ or ‘aristocratic’ approach to making historical notes, and, more importantly, religious approach had been predominant in this sense over more than a thousand years the issues related to heresy and Inquisition contributed to medieval historiography, whereas the social protest against religious dogmas was an overall Western historiographic framework in the 18th -20th centuries. Both approaches naturally distorted objective reality in an attempt to fit it into narrow Procrustean bed of sociopolitical context. Furthermore, it is important to keep in mind that the purpose of history hasn’t been static over the societal developmental course – it has altered a number of times – from the simple glorification of the certain ruler’s deeds to the formation of public consciousness and stereotypes. Historians, as the members of society, naturally shared most stereotypes and social convictions , even writing purely ‘for the sake of history’. Nowadays, historical biases are close-knit to the issues, which arise in connection with social, gender and racial equality, so the modern media are concentrating on covering these issues and determining public opinion. Information therefore is presented is extremely available manner, which allows remembering the content of the article without any ‘unnecessary’ reflections or more profound analysis. The ‘raw’ information (news, editorials) has attractive cover, so the digestion and informational metabolism have been enhanced over the last century, whereas the description of events still remains biased in terms of the author’s political and social position, or personal views. On the other hand, the freedom of printed word prohibits the misrepresentation of facts, yet the interpretation of certain data still may vary among journalists – this principle is widely used to put the most appropriate and suitable emphases, thus except the provision of recent news, media are responsible for creating images, persuading public and imposing certain moral or ethical evaluation of the event or phenomenon (for more utility and convenience, from the position of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’). To sum up, it is impossible to eradicate historical biases – historiography, like all descriptive and analytical sciences, follows relativist principles of ‘minor’ or ‘major’ truth. Nevertheless, with regard to high availability of historical writings, one has an opportunity to analyze the positions of several historiographic schools and draw more independent conclusions.

Cottle India

Cattle should focus on rural and semi-rural areas as their mall battlefield. Situation Analysis: Strength: 1 . Cattle providing superior quality products with high reputation In the market. 2. At has a strong market position and brand Image due to Its advancement In technology and Innovation. 3. TTS toothbrush product line Is extremely competitive, which It has Invested in growing It toothbrush manufacturing capacity and Improving productivity. They product mix can be adjusted to meet demand without relying on the expensive and risky import process. 4.Only providers of the Battery operated toothbrushes, biggest advantage capture share in market in future. Weakness: 1. Director Patella did not see value in building relationship with seed distributors and small-store owners. 2. Its communication is very weak in rural areas. Opportunity: 1 . India people lack knowledge and understand about Cattle Tailor's product and its effects. 2. Its product are not more popular in rural areas and se mi urban area, so it has change to expand its business and product awareness in rural area with help of increase percentages advertising and promotions.Threats:l . Other two strong competitors (Hand-Dalton and Sardinia) have a good reputation in markets and Cattle has threats to be captured its market share. Positioning Analysis: Good positioning strategy leads good marketing strategy, and improve customer knowledge and attracts them to purchase the product. Positioning creates an image for the product based on its customers. Image can be created by UP. Product:Analysis which product(low end, mid-range and battery-operated) offers the customer value, and If not, then how to do they change their product to meet customer needs and satisfaction.

Open topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open topic - Essay Example This paper argues for morality of current laws that allows for abortion. Deontology ethics offers one of the bases for evaluating morality of abortion. According to the ethics, an act is moral if it is consistent with existing rules in a society and this means that reviewing such rules as the constitution are fundamental to understanding morality of abortion. Important to the abortion debate is the constitutional provisions for human rights and its protection thereof from contravening legislations. The Ninth Amendment of the constitution provides that citizens’ rights are supreme and no law can be made to create some rights that can infringe the former category of rights. Examples of the protected righst are rights to privacy and autonomy in decision-making. Pregnancy issues meet the privacy definition and should remain at a woman’s description, subject to the existing laws. Further, the same laws provide that such a right is supreme, no law should be made to contravene it, and this means that calls for illegalization contravene deontology ethics. While some people may argue that the defined rights in the Ninth Amendment also protect the fetus, such arguments can only be valid if the same constitution offered definition of fetus and provided for its rights. The Fourteenth Amendment however offers a solution to this problem through its definition of people who are entitled to rights under the constitution. One of its provisions is the phrase that ‘people who are born or are naturalized in the United States’ and this does not include fetus because it is not yet born. Consequently, the constitution, as an element of existing laws, protects a woman’s decision to have or not to have an abortion and arguments against such a position is Deontologically unethical (University of Minnesota 1). A person also has right to private property and this rationale grants a woman the right over her body and her body parts. The fetus is considerabl y part of a woman’s body as long as it is in her womb and this means that the woman has right over decisions affecting the fetus because of privacy and autonomy principles (University of California 1). Utilitarian approach to morality on abortion also guides the debate on whether abortion is moral and should be legalized or not. According to utilitarian ethics, an actor is moral if it offers net benefits to a majority of members of the society and immoral if its net effects are harmful to most of the involved stakeholders. Considering the case of an unwanted pregnancy, the child, the mother, and people in the environment are the involved stakeholders. An abortion terminates the child’s life but meets the interest of the expectant woman and the immediate society that already considers the child as unwanted. Forcing the woman to have the pregnancy however exposes her to rejection and rejection of the child that the woman may also reject and this leads to psychological ha rm to all the stakeholders. In such a case therefore, allowing for abortion benefits the expectant woman and the society while not allowing abortion identifies harm for all the stakeholders. Abortion would therefore be moral. The fetus is also not yet a human being and this means that it lacks feelings. Consequently, no harm can be attributed to abortion with respect to the fetus as a victim. This further means that a woman’s interest is important in an abortion case and the abortion should be legal

Case study analysis - will upload case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis - will upload - Case Study Example (Yoffie, 2009, p. 1) This notion quite obviously reflects the strategic decisions, which the two companies often come up with to capture the different unexplored segments of the market. However the carbonated soft drinks industry in the United States of America suddenly declined as the annual consumption of carbonated soft drinks decreased in US, and in the year 2004 it reached a constant low. (Yoffie, 2009, p. 1) The two companies definitely got affected by the downward trend of the industry, but in different ways. This particular case study analyzes the strategic management decisions that the two separate companies adopted, in the segments of bottling, pricing and brand promoting, in order to sustain their growth in the declining beverage market of United States. The focus is on the various strategic approaches adopted by the two cola companies in order to attain a desired position in the market. The strategic changes adopted by the two players in the case study ensure that the com petition or the cold war between the two will continue for the years to come. The foundation of Coca-Cola, which is the older of the two companies, dates back to the year 1886. A pharmacist named John Pemberton was the first to discover the formula for the potion and in the year of 1891, Asa Candler obtained the formula and with a specific objective started a sales force to distribute the product under the brand name of Coca-Cola. (Yoffie, 2009, p. 5) The first bottling franchise for the particular company was opened in the year 1899, and the growth rate was so substantial that within a gap of eleven years the company acquired about three hundred and seventy franchises in USA. (Yoffie, 2009, p. 5) With growth and popularity there were also direct threat to the brand image of Coca-Cola as there were an eminent number of imitators in the industry who

My Future Career Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Future Career Goals - Essay Example Thinking about my career goals, I recognized my desire for what it is—a calling, a passion, my own true destiny. Despite all my righteous anger at faulty structures in the health care system and the medical curriculum, I maintain my belief in the underlying nobility of the medical profession and its potential to effect profound and positive social change. I have a great desire to enter a university because its curriculum and programs represent a unique mixture of theoretical guide effectively applied to the practice field that will have a great impact on immediate and future success in my professional education. I understand clearly well that this it opens doors to many opportunities for career growth not otherwise available. Current college programs, teach me to think critically, to question the nature of power structures, to seek historical context, to ask what is at stake, and to disregard and debunk dogma. Now I find myself going out on a limb merely by suggesting that per haps we need more education and discussion around such topics as alternative medicine, ethics in the pharmaceutical industry, and medical practices. Taking into account my personal aspirations and qualities, I can say that I will be able to cope with career demands being well prepared, motivated and committed to pursuing my Master’s degree. My personal attitude towards this matter will help me to overcome all possible difficulties, and experience that I have will be a great support to me in mastering the medical profession.... Education and clear career goals are the first major steps that increase personal values of everyone and create new opportunities to succeed. Thinking about my career goals, I recognized my desire for what it is—a calling, a passion, my own true destiny. Despite all my righteous anger at faulty structures in the health care system and the medical curriculum, I maintain my belief in the underlying nobility of the medical profession and its potential to effect profound and positive social change. For me, the privilege of being a student at a medical university (course and program) includes the rights of idealism, intellectual ferment, and independence of thought. I have a great desire to enter a university because its curriculum and programs represent a unique mixture of theoretical guide effectively applied to the practice field that will have a great impact on immediate and future success in my professional education. I understand clearly well that this it opens doors to many opportunities for career growth not otherwise available. A college education is only the first step in my career, but it will have a great impact on my choices and knowledge level. Current college programs, teach me to think critically, to question the nature of power structures, to seek historical context, to ask what is at stake, and to disregard and debunk dogma. Now I find myself going out on a limb merely by suggesting that perhaps we need more education and discussion around such topics as alternative medicine, ethics in the pharmaceutical industry, and medical practices. Taking into account my personal aspirations and qualities, I can say that I will be able to cope with career demands being well prepared, motivated and committed to pursuing my Master’s degree. My personal attitude towards this matter will help me to overcome all possible difficulties, and experience that I have will be a great support to me in mastering the medical profession.

Unit 3 Proposal designs Assignmnet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 3 Proposal designs Assignmnet - Essay Example The organization has offices in 19 countries across the world, and this includes Africa, Asia and the Americas. For purposes of achieving efficiency in fighting hunger, this organization developed a multi-purpose food product. This food product is rich in proteins, and is always used a relief food substance. The organization also developed the applied nutrition programs, aimed at improving the health condition of mothers and their children (Karsh and Fox, 2009). The motivating factor that made the organization to tackle problems of hunger and poverty is based on the notion that hunger and poverty limit an individual desire to achieve his or her goals (Freedom From Hunger, 2014). To achieve this objective of fighting hunger and poverty, the organization has introduced five main programs which it believes are useful in fulfilling its mission and objectives. These programs are, saving for change, the malaria initiative, reach initiative, credit with education, and health protection and micro-finance initiative (Freedom From Hunger, 2014). Under Malaria initiative, the organization provides anti-malaria drugs to poor women and their children. It also treats them for free and educates them on how to prevent the emergence of the disease. Under Credit with education, the institution offers small loans to women for purposes of starting small businesses that can make them self-sufficient (Gregory, 2013). Saving for change on the other hand is an initiative aimed at providing financial services to areas where micro-finance institutions cannot reach. The reach initiative on the other hand promotes the development of innovative ideas that can help to fight poverty, while the health and micro-finance protective initiative helps to create health policies that can help improve the health status of the vulnerable (Zunz, 2012). In conclusion, my interest in this foundation stems from the fact that it is concerned with improving the

Analyse your school's behaviour management policy and evaluate how it Essay

Analyse your school's behaviour management policy and evaluate how it meets the needs for safeguarding children in relation to y - Essay Example Therefore, the most dependable solution would be to ensure that there is effective classroom management on the part of the teacher. To get this process started a teacher should take their time to know more about the children that are in his/ her classroom. Once the teacher gets well acquainted with this information, they can be on the upper hand with better techniques and strategies on how to relate and communicate with the child in the classroom. Further on that, this information will help the teacher determine how the children will be positioned in the classroom setting based on their behaviours. According to Marzano (2003), the actions that a teacher pursues in the classroom can have a huge impact on the child and / or children with regard to their individual achievements in school. Based on the information provided, it can be revealed that when a teacher takes their time to know more about a child who is in their classroom - This trend will in turn aid in proper behaviour managem ent in the classroom setting and dynamics. Therefore, this paper seeks to showcase that the mandated school behaviour management policies aid in safeguarding children in all perspectives while they are in school. This is because the policies outline the roles, duties and responsibilities of each child as well as their teachers. According to CUHP (2011), behaviour management policy relates to the action of ensuring that children in all nature of schools have their behaviour monitored through approved strategies and techniques so as to ensure that they behave accordingly. That is; in a positive manner with their peers and/ or parents. Behaviour management policies are developed by individuals such as the staff, parents and governors. These policies bid on building and encouraging positive behaviour, fostering safety in the school setting, establishing friendships and relationships between children. Additionally, the policies incorporate the teachers who are in constant contact with th e children. According to a report by the House of Commons Education Committee (2011), behaviour and discipline polices need to be outlined, put into place and practiced in every school. The most important aspect is that they should be followed up by the parents, teachers and children so as to continuously promote good behaviour in schools. In the current school setting, the behaviour management policies focus on: Anti-bullying; Anti racism; Cyber bullying; Ensuring safety; Suspensions; Exclusions; Choice of language used. According to CUHP (2011), behaviour management policies yield a lot of positive benefits when they are practiced in the school setting. These benefits include: Development of a sense of judgement in emotion: Emotions need to be nurtured. This is due to the reason that different individuals have different kinds of emotions which could either be positive or negative. Positive emotions may range from being caring, respectful, patience, loving and confidence. Whereas, negative emotions may range from being jealous, resentful, fearful and self pity just to mention a few (Valencia n.d). Therefore, behaviour management policies help the child to have a clear sense of judgment with how they should react to different situations in the environment that they are in. Rise of sustainable friendships are relationships: As they say, â€Å"

Computer networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Computer networks - Essay Example IP version 4. The protocol operates the network layer that is a third layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. Likewise, network layer incorporates addressing information and control information that enables data packets to be routed within the computer network ("Internet Protocol Version 6." 255-255). Moreover, IP version 6 is also considered or called as the next generation IP, as specified by the IEFT: RFC 2460 ("Internet Protocol Version 6." 255-255). However, the primary reason for upgrading the IP version 4 to IP version 6 is address space limitations. Moreover, other issues such as performance, security and auto configuration are considered secondary (Loshin 305). Likewise, address space limitations are linked with the IP address space crisis that is debatable since a very long time and it is considered as the primary motivational factor for the new version (Loshin 305). There were no doubts for the design, as it was remarkably well designed, however, the design w as created twenty years back and needs a review. Moreover, an increasing number of network threats are also addressed in IP version 6 and have more features as compare to IP version 4. Furthermore, in large and complex computer network environments, automated IP configuration reduces administration and configuration. IP version 6 addresses this issue by providing auto configurations of IP addresses. There are numerous research studies that have been carried out for IP version 6. They will be discussed in detail in the body of the report. Figure 1 source: (Che, Lewis 2010) 2 Why IPv6 ? The need for more and more addresses arise because an estimate through the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) reveals that about 85 percent of the IPv4 addresses are currently in use. The European Commission (EC) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) before 2008 states that there is a need to migrate towards IPv6 urgently as they say â€Å"In the short-term, bus inesses and public authorities might be tempted to try to squeeze their needs into the strait jacket of the old system, but this would mean Europe is badly placed to take advantage of the latest Internet technology, and could face a crisis when the old system runs out of addresses. If Europeans are to use the latest Internet devices such as smart RFID tags in shops, factories, and airports, intelligent heating and lighting systems that save energy, and in-car networks and navigation systems, then we already face a thousand-fold increase in demand for IP addresses.† (Courtney 52-54). The same statement also includes that by 2010 every public and industry authorities must migrate towards IPV6. 3 Technical Evaluation 3.1 Technical Specifications of IPv6 The IPv6 is made up of numerous bits of network addresses. The number of bits varies from 32 bits to 128 bits or 3.4 x 1038 nodes that are addressable. They offer exceptional IP addresses that are different for every single networ k device on the globe. The packet related to the IPv6 consists of two major parts i.e. THE HEADER is the top most part and the primary 40 octets of the packet consist of 320 bits. Furthermore, the packet contains (Courtney 52-54): 1. Version The version of this IP is 6 (4-bit IP version) 2. Traffic class-packet priority (8-bits) The value of the priority is sub classified into several ranges. The traffic is delineated as the base that provides

International Business Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

International Business Practices - Essay Example The optimal structure for Physical Movement Company is an international division structure with centralized control. An international division structure separates the international division from the domestic operations. This structured is considered the most appropriate structure for rookie players in the international business since it completely separates the revenue streams obtain from oversee operations, inclusively it separates it between the divisions which in this case would be one per country for a total of three divisions. Centralized control is the best approach because the management of the company wants to learn from the integration into foreign markets and needs to be involved in the decision making as much as possible. The table below illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of centralized approaches: The international division structure will allow the company to carefully analyze the chosen markets and implement different marketing strategies in each of the markets. The company currently has different theories and marketing plans which they believe based on their research will work, but only time will tell the effectiveness of the plans. As the company matures they can systematically switch from a centralized to decentralize managerial style on a case by case basis per division. Decentralization of particular divisions could be allowed in locations in which the company’s plans were successfully implemented. If the company enjoys significant growth internationally and expands into other markets then the company may purse reorganizing its international organizational structure into an international area structure or global product structure. A full implementation of the international business structure will take some time. The first step is to locate the physical space in which the division will operate in each of the countries which

Feasibility Study Essay Example for Free

Feasibility Study Essay 2.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential. Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY SOCIAL FEASIBILITY ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system. SOCIAL FEASIBILITY The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

The Host Of Community Perception Towards Tourism Development Tourism Essay

The Host Of Community Perception Towards Tourism Development Tourism Essay Over the past few years, Grand-Baie witnessed an increase in tourism development and the number of international tourists. Though tourism development plays an important role in enhancing economies, tourism development may conflict with the regions conservative traditions and culture. The purpose of this research is to identify the attitudes and perceptions of residents of Grand Baie towards tourism development based on socio-cultural aspect by: (1) applying Ap Cromptons (1998), (2) measuring social or cultural environments, and the residents acceptance of visitors, (3) by identifying resident attitudes based upon demographic factor. Respondents were selected using a random sampling technique to complete a survey instrument. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, independent t-tests and One way Annova were used to describe data and to better understand resident attitudes. Survey findings reveal that resident attitudes differed according to respondents age, length of residence, and ethnicity, particularly with respect to perceptions of change in local services and natural environment. Acknowledgements A project of this magnitude is not an individual endeavor. Consequently, I dedicate this mini dissertation to the many individuals who provided support, encouragement and assistance for its realization. A very special gratitude goes to my team members, Mr. Shaktisham Soobhow and Miss Anousha Keetaruth for their support and input. I would also like to thank my lecturer, Associate Professor Ramesh Durbarry, Head of School of Sustainable Development and Tourism , for his helpful input and guidance which helped me every step of the way and enabled me to fulfill my assignment requirements Last but not the least; we are grateful to our parents and friends for their support and understanding and also the team working at the Resource Centre of University of Technology for extending their help. Table of content List of tables Table 3.1: Types of Dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 16 Table 4.1 Respondent Profile Table: 4.2 Host Community Perception based on a Socio-Cultural Aspect Table 4.3: One Way Anova Table: 4.4 One Way Anova Table 4.5 Host Community Perception Towards a Positive Socio-Cultural impact INTRODUCTION 1.0 Tourism in Mauritius Mauritius has become a well known tourism destination the world over with arrivals rising from 103,000 in 1977 to 915,000 in 2010 for the first trimester. Since the mid 1990s Mauritius more precisely the northern part of the island has experienced a remarkable growth in tourist numbers with international arrivals doubling. It is estimated that this trend is having a significant impact upon host communities in Grand-Baie. Given the fact that tourism development can flourish in an area only with the support of the host community, it is thought that the perception of the host community toward tourism development and impacts serve as crucially important inputs in identifying the strategic and managerial priorities of the tourism sector. The host community remains one of the most important tools for the promotion and continuous development of the tourism industry in Mauritius. Tourists have direct and constant contacts with the host community and it is the attitude of the host that will determine whether tourism development can be implemented or whether it is successful. Without the host community participation, any tourism development that will be implemented will not be a flourishing one. 1.1 Problem Statement It is very important to explore host community perception towards tourism because tourists have direct and constant contact with host community. Besides, the measurement of the host communitys perceptions of tourism development plays a vital role in the future success of a destination (Sheldon and Abenoja, 2001). The benefits received from tourism development may not always be plausible if the negative impacts, such as crime and traffic congestion, outweigh the economic benefits (Chen, 2000). hosts perceptions toward tourism development are critical to sustain the growth of community tourism businesses. If the level of hosts loyalty to tourism development is high, the potential conflicts between hosts and tourism establishments should be avoided. Host perception towards tourism development in Grand-Baie Mauritius is a very crucial because the tourism industry there is growing at a rapid pace with the development in that region. Since hosts are there to stay, as such their perception are fundamental to the smooth pace of tourism development. 1.2 Objectives of the Study The aim of the study is to analyse host community perceptions on the tourism development based on socio-cultural in the region of Grand-Baie in Mauritius. Therefore, the objectives of the study are to analyse the different components of host community perceptions towards tourism development based on Socio-cultural aspects; Evaluate the socio-cultural impacts of tourism development on host community Measure the demographic perception of the Host Community on the tourism development. 2.0 Literature review 2.0 Introduction Tourism is a product that relies totally upon simultaneous production and consumption. The implication of this for the destinations host community is that it will come into contact with an alien population during the production process. This contact can be beneficial or detrimental to the host community depending upon the difference in cultures and the nature of the contact. Tourism can develop and grow when host community has a positive attitude toward it and when they see their role in the process of the tourism development. At the point when a tourism destination is born, the quality if the life of the local hosts goes through radical changes, which are not necessarily negative. Literature suggests that tourism development has created both positive and negative impacts on host communities. The most complex problems that accompany tourism development, reside in the relationship between local host and tourist. Furthermore, there are limits of tourism growth that are closely associated with the place capacity and with the quality of life in the local community. The most complex problems that accompany tourism development, reside in the relationship between tourists and local host and also the impacts on their society and culutre. 2.1 Tourism Development Tourism development is an expression that encompasses not only destinations, origins, motivations and impacts, but also the complex linkage that exist between all the people and institutions of that interconnecting, global supply and demand system ( Pearce, 1989). In general, tourism development within a host community often impacts the community both in negative and positive ways. Residents attitudes will be positive if they can use tourism resources such as recreational facilities or if they perceive that tourism development will protect or preserve the environment ( Lankford et al, 2003). Conversely attitudes towards tourism were found to be negative if residents perceived the impacts as negative, or if the resources within a host community diminish as a result of tourist activity ( Lankford et al.,2003; Perdue et al., 1990). The host community perception toward tourism will be affected due to impacts. 2.3 Host community According to Sherlock (1999), it is difficult to define the term community precisely; nevertheless, the word can be used to refer to a group of people who exist in one particular location. Aramberri (2001) suggests that host societies are in fact communities, made of one piece. For Williams and Lawson (2001) community is defined as a group of people who share common goals or opinions. Host Community is particular is defined by Mathieson and Wall (1982) as the Inhabitants of the destination area. Similarly, Swarbrooke (1999) defines it as all those who live within a tourist destination.. In the light of the previous definition, it can be concluded that a host community consists of all those people in the destination, whether they are homogeneous or heterogeneous and regardless of whether the impacts of tourism are beneficial or otherwise.. However, the host is community is often the last to be notified of tourism development (Thyne and Lawson,2001) and quite often they are not given a chance or encouraged to give their opinioin on tourism issues. 2.4 Relationship Between Host Community and Guest A good relationship between local hosts and tourist is essential for the long term development of tourism destination. ( Ap and Crompton, 1998). The relationship between host community and tourists is mainly affected by the socio-cultural impacts that are caused due to tourism development (Smith, 1995). Smith (1989) conclude that contacts between tourist and host community if different cultural background take the form of direct face to face encounters between tourists and host of different cultural groups. The interaction between hosts and international guests raises another issue linked to cultural tolerance. As argued by Bochner (1982), the mutual understanding between cultures can create an opportunity for acquaintance leading towards enhanced understanding and tolerance and, consequently, reduce prejudice, conflict and tension between hosts and tourists. This type of contact is experienced by tourists when they travel from home culture to a host culture by hosts when they serve tourists from a foreign culture. That is, both tourist and the host community participate in exploring each others culture. 2.4.1 Doxeys Irridex Model In 1975, Doxey devised a theoretical model in which it states that an increase in numbers of tourists and a more developed tourism industry at the destination results in irritation in the host community. In this case the perception of host community vary from euphoria ( a feeling of happiness or comfort) to apathy when locals start losing interest in tourism; to annoyance after the number of tourists and the unfavorable impacts have increased ; and finally antagonism ( a generation of hostile reactions against tourism) (Cordero 2008). Although Doxeys model is a useful approach towards identifying the four stages of tourism evolution at a destination, it has been criticized for its limitation by Wall and Mathieson (2006) because it is a unidirectional model intended to represent the entire nature of the host community. 2.5 Host community perception towards tourism development Research has been conducted for the convenience of tourists, while local community perceptions and attitudes towards the industry have been given less of a priority (Murphy 1985). Butler (1980) claimed that there is a correlation between the development of tourism and the attitude of the domestic people towards the tourists. Positive attitude is gradually replaced by the negative attitude as the time passes. Studying host community attitudes and the antecedents of resident reaction can help both residents and planners (Williams and Lawson 2001).Williams and Lawson argued that it was possible to select those developments that can minimize negative impacts and maximize support for the industry. By doing so, on one hand the quality of life of residents can be maintained or enhanced; and, on the other hand, the negative impacts of tourism in the community will be reduced. 2.6 Tourism Impacts Researchers in the early years of the twenty first century list an impressive range of both positive and negative impacts on the host community as a result of tourism development (Fredline and Faulkner, 2000; Upchurch and Teivane, 2000; Gursoy et al., 2002; Besculides et al., 2002). The study of impacts from tourism on local communities takes in a range of literature that includes both the positive and negative effects of hosting tourists to a community. However, researchers agree that a necessary condition of successful tourism development strategy is the inclusion of residents of the entire community if tourism investment is to yield substantial returns (Allen et al., 1988, 1993; Jurowski Uysal, 1997; Long et al ., 1990; Snepenger Johnson, 1991). 2.6.1 Socio-cultural Impacts Tourism is a socio-cultural event for both the guest and host (Murphy, 1985) and the contact between host and tourists can be beneficial or detrimental to the host community depending upon the difference in cultures and the nature of the contact .Tourism development also affects the social, cultural and environmental aspects within a destination. Socio-cultural impacts are concerned with the ways in which tourism is contributing to changes in value systems, individual behaviour, family relationships, collective lifestyles, moral conduct, creative expressions, traditional ceremonies and community organization (Pizam Milman, 1984, cited in Haralambopoulos Pizam, 1996, p.503). Tourism development increases and promotes cultural exchange between tourists and residents. Tourism can also be a force to preserve and revitalize the cultural identity and traditional practices of host communities and act as a source of income to protect heritage sites (Easterling, 2004). However, the cultural changes caused by tourism threatens to destroy traditional cultures and societies (Brunt Courtney 199, p 495) and to others it represented an opportunity for peace, understanding and greater knowledge (Brunt Courtney 1999, p.495). 2.7 Factors Influencing Host community perception towards tourism development To understand the antecedents of host communities perception towards tourism development, extensive literature has attempted to examine the influences of socio-demographics on attitudes, such gender ( Ritchie 1988; Weaver Lawton 2001), age (Brougham Butler 1981; Fredline Faulkner 2000; Madrigal 1995; weaver Lawton 2001), length of residency ( Allen et al 1988), Education ( Weaver Lawton 2001). Those tested variables are classified as the intrinsic dimension which includes residents demographic attributes. 2.7.1 Demographic Factors The use of socioeconomic factors (Harill, 2004) like income, ethnicity and length of residency to explain host community perception has been widely used. These variables are included simply as standard point of survey instrument. 2.7.2 Gender Regarding gender, it was found that woman were more opposed to tourism development than men due to perceived negative impacts, such as increase in traffic, noise and crime although acknowledging positive benefits, including community facilities and regional economic benefits. In a study in California, (Harrill and Potts, 2003) also found gender to be a significant predictor of tourisms perceived economic benefits, with more women than men negatively disposed toward tourism development. 2.7.3 Education It was found that more educated people having more positive views of tourism (Weaver, 2001). Hosts who have a tourism education background were more in favor of tourism because of the economic and social improvements. In the context of Samos, Greece Haralambopoulos and Pizam (1996) indicated that well-educated people were more correlated with positive tourism attitudes. 2.7.4 Age Age has also been explored as a factor in host community perception toward tourism development and received more attention as the baby boomers retire and seek tourist destination in which to work and have vacation. Older hosts are generally as favourably inclined toward tourism development as young resident (Tomljenovic and Faulkner, 1999). In addition, older hosts are more tolerant of international tourists and less concerned about tourisms adverse environmental impacts. However, a study of Kusadasi, Turkey revealed that older hosts had more negative perceptions than youngsters. 2.7.5 Length of Residency Length of residency (Girard and Gartner, 1993) found that for those host who has a second home in the tourism development community appreciate the availability of goods and services from increased tourism, but long term host community who stay permanently in the community do not want to see any increased in tourism development. Thus, long term host had a less favorable perception of tourism than did short term hosts. 2.8 Summary This chapter provided reviews of literature relevant to the present study. The review provided the basis of the entire research design. Furthermore, the review results would be brought into the Discussion chapter to compare the findings of the present study with the existing literature. 3. Methodology 3.0 Introduction This chapter provides the methodology of the survey envisaged on host community perception towards tourism development based on socio-cultural aspect. In this vein, it represents the crux of the study. It offers a framework about how the research was carried out and elaborates on the questionnaire design and enumerates several limitations pertaining to the survey. 3.1 Research Design For this research both primary and secondary data were used. Table 3.1: Types of Data Primary Research Secondary Research Questionnaire Books Academic Journals The research method used to collect and analyse the primary data was based upon a quantitative approach. This is so because it made it possible for the respondent that is the host community to express their feeling and perception towards tourism development. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to the targeted population. 3.2 Sampling Frame This study was conducted in the Northern region of Mauritius that is in Grand-Baie which is one of the major tourist destinations. As such, the targeted population for this study comprised of hosts community of Grand-Baie. This is so because tourism development in Grand-Baie has reached the maturity stage (Butler Destination Life Cycle). There is a high concentration of tourism development in this northern village compare to the other region. 60 questionnaires were used for the survey. 3.3 Questionnaire Design The questionnaire was prepared following a review of existing literature dealing with hosts perception toward tourism development based on socio-cultural aspect. For this particular study, the scales from Ap and Crompton (1998) as well as Lankford and Howard (1994) were adopted and modified. An interviewee completed questionnaire was designed and it consists of 38 questions. The questionnaire was categorized into section A, B and C, where A and B were measured using likert Scale and C the respondent profile background. (Refer to Appendix A) 3.4 Hypothesis Testing The following hypotheses were tested: H1: Tourism Development has an impact on Socio-Cultural aspect H2: Residents Perception towards cooperation between local people and tourism development differs across gender and level of education. H3: the level of hostility towards tourists differs across length of residency and occupation. 3.5 Pilot Survey To judge the validity of the questionnaire a pilot survey of 10 questionnaires were undertaken with host community to check whether there is a proper and broad flow of questioning. The number of questions were reduced and also the rephrasing of sentence. 3.6 Data Collection An informal interview was chosen as a method of data collection with the host community. Questionnaires were distributed door to door using a random sampling procedure. Interviews were conducted during the day so as to obtain a more representative sample within households. during the week day. The overall data collection lasted for 1 day, with a total of 53 questionnaires completed, which result in 88.33% response rate. 3.7 Data Analysis A number of statistical procedures were carried out for this study using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The socio-demographic factors like education, occupation, level of education and gender were used as independent variables and the 32 Likert scale statements as the dependent variables. One-way ANOVA and descriptive analysis were used. 3.8 Limitation of Study Normally, no survey can experience a perfect evolution. Similarly, the present one had to undergo certain constraints and was subject to various limitations as exhibited below. Host people were busy working. They didnt want to expressed themselves as they felt embarrassed 3.9 Conclusion This chapter provides a thorough explanation of how data was collected, processed and analysed for the methods of data collection. It gives further details on the purpose of the research and describes how the questionnaire was designed. Lastly, the sampling frame as well as the limitations of the research was discussed. 4. Results and Findings 4.0 Introduction This chapter discusses the findings of the questionnaire survey. It not only deals with the individual analysis of each question, but also compares one question in relation to others and tries to establish a link between the results found. 4.1 Profile of the Respondents Demographic information about the respondents is provided in Table 4.1. Males account for a larger share of the respondents, which is 50%, following 38% for female. More respondents were married, with a percentage of 53.33, and 28.33% were single. The majority, 35.33% were employed or working in the tourism sector, 23.33%. Most of the respondents of Grand-Baie work in hotels nearby their house but also many of them worked for themselves. More than one half of the respondents, 65.33%, lived in Grand-Baie for more than 15 years. Around 52.33% reported that they have studied till School Certificate . Table 4.1 Respondent Profile Number % Gender Male 30 50 Female 23 38.33 Marital Status Married 32 53.33 Single 17 28.33 Divorced 2 3.33 Widowed 2 3.33 Occupation Student 5 8.33 Employed 21 35.33 Retired 1 2.33 Own Business 12 20.33 Tourism Sector 14 23.33 Education CPE 8 13.33 SC 31 52.33 HSC 10 17.33 Undergraduate 3 5.33 Graduate 1 2.33 Length of Residency Less than 5 years 2 3.33 5-10 11 18.33 11-15 1 2.33 More than 15 years 39 65.33 Total questionnaire 53 88.33 4.2 Host community perception based on a Socio-Cultural Aspect Table 4.2 illustrates the overall results of the descriptive analysis of section A and B of the questionnaire, which in turn show that there is a significant variation (according to the Mean and SD values) between the perceptions of the respondents towards socio-cultural aspect according to the degree of exposure. The domestic people show a very positive attitude towards the increasing number of tourists in the region at the beginning because they have high expectations from the tourist in long term basis. Furthermore, from the table itself, the mean is ranged from 4.81 to 2.57. Demonstrating that the host community highly accepts the presence of tourists in their area although the level of tourist has increased for the recent years. The results clearly shows that the presence of tourist in Grand-Baie help for the conservation of prestigious monument and also the awareness of the culture. The host community of Grand-Baie stated that their tradition are not being affected at all, as shown in the statement 5. The analysis shows that the tourism development does not make enough effort for the tourist to be aware of the host community culture. Moreover, another reason why the host community perception is low is that the tourism development is much more profit making. Table: 4.2 Host Community Perception based on a Socio-Cultural Aspect Factors N Mean Std. Deviation 1A Residents accept the presence of tourists 53 4.81 0.441 2 There is awareness and recognition of the culture and heritage 53 4.28 0.744 3 Historical buildings are restored and protected 53 3.89 1.155 4 There is cooperation between local people and tourism development 53 3.96 1.270 5 Traditions of the local is affected 53 2.91 1.458 6 Local people changes their way of living 53 3.47 1.422 7 There is a variety of entertainment in the community 53 3.49 1.120 8 Tourism increases the level of education in Grand-Baie 53 3.60 1.166 9 Tourism encourages some immoral behavior of some people of the locality 53 2.57 1.352 10 Earnings from tourism lure children in your community to leave school at an early age 53 2.75 1.580 11 Tourism is the reason of some younger`s misbehavior 53 2.98 1.337 12 Tourist make the effort to understand your culture and society 53 4.28 0.632 13 Tourism development give the opportunity to put your culture on display 53 3.89 1.050 14B Do you welcome the fact that tourist comes in your region 53 4.70 0.696 15 Is tourism only a way of profit making or much more 53 4.36 1.058 16 Due to the number increasing number of tourist arrival in your region can you still support the impacts 53 3.34 1.159 17 Do you feel that there is a feeling of hostility towards tourist due to those impacts by the local community actually 53 3.28 1.215 4.3 There is cooperation between local people and tourism development Table 4.3 shows the p-value as well as the F value obtained through an ANOVA analysis for both the Gender and Education Level. This analysis shows that there is a difference in the level of perception that varies according to the gender since the p-value is less than 0.05 (= 0.017) which confirms the statement that there is a difference in the level of perception between male and female. In order, to determine where the difference lays a Tukey Test was carried out (Refer to Appendix B). According to the Post Hoc Test Table (Appendix B), where men disagree with the fact that there is cooperation between local people and tourism development, we found that women strongly agree with the perception that there is cooperation between local people and tourism development which is contrary to what Harill and Potts, (2003) study found. This is so because the p=value is less than 0.05 (= 0.045). The reasons for the level of perception between male and female may vary for different reasons. First of all, Female may view tourism development in a more positively way as with tourism development many women may find it beneficial for them because they are able to find a job easily or benefit indirectly with small businesses such as craft. However, the perception do not differs across Education since the p-value is greater than 0.05 (= 0.741). This can conclude that irrespective of the level of education the level of perception is the same. According to the study of Weaver (2001) which states that the educated people mainly those who have a tourism education background are in favor of tourism development. However, the study made in Grand-Baie demonstrates that the level of education of host community do not has an impact on the level of perception. The reason for this may be because whether a host community is educated or not he or she may find employment due to the tourism development taking place in his locality. Table 4.3 : One Way Anova Factor Item Demographic Variable F Sig There is cooperation between local people and tourism development Gender 3.327 0.017 Education 0.493 0.741 4.4 There is a feeling of hostility towards tourist due to those impacts Table 4.4 shows the p-value as well as the F value obtained through an ANOVA analysis for both the Length of Residency and Occupation. This shows that there is a difference in the level of perception that varies according to the length of residency of the host in Grand-Baie since the p-value is less than 0.05 (= 0.031). In other words which mean that there is a difference in the level of perception of those living in the region of Grand- Baie. In order to determine where the difference lies a Tukey Test was carried out (Refer to Appendix B). Referring to the Post Hoc Test Table (Appendix B), where those living in Grand-Baie whether living over there for a long time or short time, it has been found that they do not express a feeling of hostility vis-à  -vis the tourist due to the impacts that tourism industry in the region brings in. This is so because the p=value is less than 0.05 (= 0.016). However, the perception do not differs across Occupation since the p-value is greater than 0.05 (= 0.952). This can conclude that irrespective of the work being done by the host community, the level of perception is the same. In other words, this demonstrates that the level of Occupation do not has an impact upon the perception of host community. Reason why it is so is because whether they are employed or unemployed or working in the tourism sector, the host find tourism as beneficial for them directly or indirectly. Table: 4.4 One Way Anova Factor Item Demographic Variable F Sig There is a feeling of hostility towards tourist due to those impacts Length of Residency 2.909 0.031 Occupation 0.171 0.952 4.5 Host Community Perception towards a Positive Socio-Cultural Impact Table 4.5 illustrates the different perception of the host community towards the different aspect. The host community of Grand-Baie has a relatively high positive perception towards the presence of tourist in the region as it benefit from different point of view. This is so because the tourist make an effort to learn the culture of the host community and a